"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"

Secure Communication with GnuPG on Linux

By Kapil Sharma

Overview

GnuPG is a tool for secure communication and data storage. It can be used to encrypt data and to create digital signatures. GnuPG is a complete and free replacement for PGP. Because it does not use the patented IDEA algorithm, it can be used without any restrictions. GnuPG uses public-key cryptography so that users may communicate securely. In a public-key system, each user has a pair of keys consisting of a private key and a public key. A user's private key is kept secret; it need never be revealed. The public key may be given to anyone with whom the user wants to communicate.

Features

Full replacement of PGP.
Does not use any patented algorithms.
GPLed, written from scratch.
Can be used as a filter program.
Full OpenPGP implementation.
Better functionality than PGP and some security enhancements over PGP 2.
Decrypts and verifies PGP 5.x messages.
Supports ElGamal (signature and encryption), DSA, 3DES, Blowfish, Twofish, CAST5, MD5, SHA-1, RIPE-MD-160 and TIGER.
Easy implementation of new algorithms using extension modules.
User ID is forced to be in a standard format.
Supports key and signature expiration dates.
English, Danish, Dutch, Esperanto, French, German, Japanese, Italian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Portuguese (Portuguese), Russian, Spanish and Swedish language support.
Online help system.
Optional anonymous message receivers.
Integrated support for HKP keyservers (wwwkeys.pgp.net).
Has lots of GUI frontend

You can find all the software related to GnuPG at http://www.gnupg.org/download.html

Installation

Copy the gnupg source file to ./usr/local/ directory or wherever you want to install it and then cd to that directory.
[root@dragon local] tar xvzf gnupg-1.0.4.tar.gz
[root@dragon local]# cd gnupg-1.0.4
[root@dragon gnupg-1.0.4]# ./configure
[root@dragon gnupg-1.0.4]# make
This will compile all source files into executable binaries.
[root@dragon gnupg-1.0.4]# make check
It will run any self-tests that come with the package.
[root@dragon gnupg-1.0.4]# make install
It will install the binaries and any supporting files into appropriate locations.
[root@dragon gnupg-1.0.4]# strip /usr/bin/gpg
The "strip" command will reduce the size of the "gpg" binary for better performance.

Common Commands

1: Generating a new keypair
We must create a new key-pair (public and private) for the first time. The command line option --gen-key is used to create a new primary keypair.

Step 1
[root@dragon /]# gpg --gen-key
gpg (GnuPG) 1.0.2; Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions. See the file COPYING for details.

gpg: /root/.gnupg: directory created
gpg: /root/.gnupg/options: new options file created
gpg: you have to start GnuPG again, so it can read the new options file

Step 2
Start GnuPG again with the following command:
[root@dragon /]# gpg --gen-key
gpg (GnuPG) 1.0.2; Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions. See the file COPYING for details.

gpg:/root/.gnupg/secring.gpg: keyring created
gpg: /root/.gnupg/pubring.gpg: keyring created
Please select what kind of key you want:
   (1) DSA and ElGamal (default)
   (2) DSA (sign only)
   (4) ElGamal (sign and encrypt)
Your selection? 1
DSA keypair will have 1024 bits.
About to generate a new ELG-E keypair.
              minimum keysize is 768 bits
              default keysize is 1024 bits
    highest suggested keysize is 2048 bits
What keysize do you want? (1024) 2048
Do you really need such a large keysize? y
Requested keysize is 2048 bits
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
         0 = key does not expire
      <n> = key expires in n days
      <n> w = key expires in n weeks
      <n> m = key expires in n months
      <n> y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0) 0
Key does not expire at all
Is this correct (y/n)? y

You need a User-ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user id
from Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form: "

Real name: Kapil sharma
Email address: [email protected]
Comment: Unix/Linux consultant
You selected this USER-ID:
"Kapil Sharma (Unix/Linux consultant) <[email protected]> "

Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? o
You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key.

Enter passphrase: [enter a passphrase]

We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy. ++++++++++.+++++^^^
public and secret key created and signed.

Now I will explain about the various inputs asked during the generation of the keypairs.

Please select what kind of key you want:

GnuPG is capable of creating different kind of keypairs. There are three options.
A DSA keypair is the primary keypair usable only for making signatures. An ElGamal subordinate keypair is also created for encryption. Option 2 is similar but creates only a DSA keypair. Option
4[1] creates a single ElGamal keypair usable for both making signatures and performing encryption. For most users the default option is fine.

You must also choose a key size. The size of a DSA key must be between 512 and 1024 bits, and an ElGamal key may be of any size.

                      About to generate a new ELG-E keypair.
                      minimum keysize is 768 bits
                     default keysize is 1024 bits
                     highest suggested keysize is 2048 bits
                     What keysize do you want? (1024)

There are advantages and disadvantages of choosing a longer key. The advantages are: 1) The longer the key the more secure it is against brute-force attacks
The disadvantages are: 1) encryption and decryption will be slower as the key size is increased 2) a larger keysize may affect signature length

The default keysize is adequate for almost all purpose and the keysize can never be changed after selection.

Finally, you must choose an expiration date. If Option 1 was chosen, the expiration date will be used for both the ElGamal and DSA keypairs

= key expires in n days
<n> w = key expires in n weeks
<n> m = key expires in n months
<n> y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0)

For most users a key that does not expire is adequate. The expiration time should be chosen with care, however, since although it is possible to change the expiration date after the key is created,
it may be difficult to communicate a change to users who have your public key.

You must provide a user ID in addition to the key parameters. The user ID is used to associate the key being created with a real person.

             You need a User-ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user id
              from Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form:
             "Kapil Sharma (Linux consultant) <[email protected]> "

             Real name: Enter you name here
             Email address: Enter you email address
           Comment: Enter any comment here

GnuPG needs a passphrase to protect the primary and subordinate private keys that you keep in your possession.

Enter passphrase:

There is no limit on the length of a passphrase, and it should be carefully chosen. From the perspective of security, the passphrase to unlock the private key is one of the weakest points in GnuPG
(and other public-key encryption systems as well) since it is the only protection you have if another individual gets your private key. Ideally, the passphrase should not use words from a
dictionary and should mix the case of alphabetic characters as well as use non-alphabetic characters. A good passphrase is crucial to the secure use of GnuPG.

2: Generating a revocation certificate

After your keypair is created you should immediately generate a revocation certificate for the primary public key using the option --gen-revoke. If you forget your passphrase or if your private
key is compromised or lost, this revocation certificate may be published to notify others that the public key should no longer be used.

[root@dragon /]# gpg --output revoke.asc --gen-revoke mykey

Here mykey must be a key specifier, either the key ID of your primary keypair or any part of a user ID that identifies your keypair. The generated certificate will be left in the file
revoke.asc. The certificate should not be stored where others can access it since anybody can publish the revocation certificate and render the corresponding public key
useless.

3: Listing Keys

To list the keys on your public keyring use the command-line option --list-keys.

[root@dragon /]# gpg --list-keys
/root/.gnupg/pubring.gpg
------------------------
pub 1024D/020C9884 2000-11-09 Kapil Sharma (Unix/Linux consultant) <[email protected]>
sub 2048g/555286CA 2000-11-09

4: Exporting a public key

You can export your public key to use it on your homepage or on a available key server on the Internet or any other method. To send your public key to a correspondent you must first export it. The command-line option --export is used to do this. It takes an additional argument identifying the public key to export.

To export your public key in binary format, use the following command:

[email protected]

To export your public key in ASCII armored output, use the following command:

To export your public key in ASCII armored output and to view it , use the following command:

[...]
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

5: Importing a public key
Once your own keypair is created, you can put it into your public keyring database of all keys from trusted third party in order to be able to use the keys for future encryption and authentication communication. A public key may be added to your public keyring with the --import option.

[root@dragon /]# gpg --import <filename>
Here "filename" is the name of the exported public key.
For example:
[root@dragon /]# gpg --import mandrake.asc
gpg: key :9B4A4024: public key imported
gpg: /root/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1

In the above example we imported the Public key file "mandrake.asc" from the company Mandrake Linux, downloadable from Mandrake Internet site, into our keyring.

6: Validating the key
Once a key is imported it should be validated. A key is validated by verifying the key's fingerprint and then signing the key to certify it as a valid key. A key's fingerprint can be quickly viewed with the --fingerprint command-line option.
[root@dragon /]# gpg --fingerprint <UID>
As a example:
[root@dragon /]# gpg --fingerprint mandrake
pub 1024D/9B4A4024 2000-01-06 MandrakeSoft (MandrakeSoft official keys) <[email protected]>
Key fingerprint = 63A2 8CBD A7A8 387E 1A53 2C1E 59E7 0DEE 9B4A 4024
sub 1024g/686FF394 2000-01-06

In the above example we verified the fingerprint of mandrake. A key's fingerprint is verified with the key's owner. This may be done in person or over the phone or through any other means as long as you can guarantee that you are communicating with the key's true owner. If the fingerprint you get is the same as the fingerprint the key's owner gets, then you can be sure that you have a correct copy of the key.

7: Key Signing
After importing and verifying the keys that you have imported into your public database, you can start signing them. Signing a key certifies that you know the owner of the keys. You should only sign the keys when you are 100% sure of the authentication of the key.

To sign a key for the company Mandrake that we have added on our keyring above, use the following command:

[email protected]

pub 1024D/9B4A4024 created: 2000-01-06 expires: never trust: -/q
Fingerprint: 63A2 8CBD A7A8 387E 1A53 2C1E 59E7 0DEE 9B4A 4024

MandrakeSoft (MandrakeSoft official keys) <[email protected]>

Are you really sure that you want to sign this key
with your key: "Kapil Sharma (Unix/Linux consultant) <[email protected]> "

Really sign? y

You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
user: "Kapil Sharma (Unix/Linux consultant) <[email protected]> "
1024-bit DSA key, ID 020C9884, created 2000-11-09

Enter passphrase:

8: Checking Signatures
Once signed you can check the key to list the signatures on it and see the signature that you have added. Every user ID on the key will have one or more self-signatures as well as a signature for
each user that has validated the key. We can check the signatures of the keys by the gpg option "--check-sigs:
As an example:
[root@dragon /]# gpg --check-sigs mandrake
pub 1024D/9B4A4024 2000-01-06 MandrakeSoft (MandrakeSoft official keys) <[email protected]>
sig!       9B4A4024 2000-01-06 MandrakeSoft (MandrakeSoft official keys) <[email protected]>
sig!       020C9884 2000-11-09 Kapil Sharma (Unix/Linux consultant) <[email protected]>
sub 1024g/686FF394 2000-01-06
sig!       9B4A4024 2000-01-06 MandrakeSoft (MandrakeSoft official keys) <[email protected]>

9: Encrypting and decrypting
The procedure for encrypting and decrypting documents is very simple. If you want to encrypt a message to mandrake, you encrypt it using mandrake public key, and then only mandrake can
decrypt that file with his private key. If Mandrake wants to send you a message, it encrypts it using your public key, and you decrypt it with your private key.

To encrypt and sign data for the user Mandrake that we have added on our keyring use the following command (You must have a public key of the recipient):
[root@dragon /]# gpg -sear <UID of the public key> <file>

As an example:
[root@dragon /]# gpg -sear Mandrake document.txt
You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
user: "Kapil Sharma (Unix/Linux consultant) <[email protected]> "
1024-bit DSA key, ID 020C9884, created 2000-11-09

Enter passphrase:

Here "s" is for signing , "e" for encrypting, "a" to create ASCII armored output (".asc" is ready for sending by mail), "r" to encrypt the user id name and <file> is the data you want to encrypt [root@dragon /]# gpg -d <file>

As an example:
[root@dragon /]# gpg -d documentforkapil.asc
You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
user: "Kapil Sharma (Unix/Linux consultant) <[email protected]> "
1024-bit DSA key, ID 020C9884, created 2000-11-09
Enter passphrase:

Here the parameter "d" is for decrypting the data and <file> is a data you want to decrypt.
[Note: you must have the public key of the sender of the message/data that you want to decrypt in your public keyring database.]

10: Checking the signature
Once you have extracted your public key and exported it then by using the --verify option of GnuPG anybody can check whether encrypted data from you is also signed by you.

To check the signature of encrypted data, use the following command:

Some uses of GnuPG software

1: Send encrypted mail messages.
2: Encrypt files and documents
3: Transmit encrypted files and important documents through network

Here is a list of some of the Frontend and software for GnuPG

                       GPA aims to be the standard GnuPG graphical frontend. This has a very nice GUI interface.
                       GnomePGP is a GNOME desktop tool to control GnuPG.
                       Geheimniss is a KDE frontend for GnuPG.
                       pgp4pine is a Pine filter to handle PGP messages.
                       MagicPGP is yet another set of scripts to use GnuPG with Pine.
                       PinePGP is also a Pine filter for GnuPG.

More Information

http://www.gnupg.org/docs.html

Conclusion

Anybody who is cautious about security must use GnuPG. It is one of the best open-source programs which has all the functions for encryption and decryption for all your secure data and can be used without any restrictions since it is under GNU General Public License. It can be used to send encrypted mail messages, files and documents for security. It can also be used to transmit files and important documents through network securely.

"Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"

Secure Communication with GnuPG on Linux

By Kapil Sharma

Copyright © 2000, Kapil Sharma. Copying license http://www.linuxgazette.net/copying.html Published in Issue 60 of Linux Gazette, December 2000

Copyright © 2000, Kapil Sharma.
Copying license http://www.linuxgazette.net/copying.html
Published in Issue 60 of Linux Gazette, December 2000